Dongxin Liu North China University of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, PR China
Xing Wang Irrigation and Drainage Development Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
Shan Shi Irrigation and Drainage Development Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
Compared with conventional furrow irrigation, respectively by hr, 70%, 80% of water holding capability of farmland as wetness to lower limit, studied the summer maize growth characteristics and water use on the condition of wide ditch irrigation cultivation mode. The results showed that the different wetness content management limit had an explicit of influence on crop growth. The moisture content with too high or too low is not tributary to the expansion of crops. Compared with conventional furrow irrigation, the leaf area, filling rate, yield and water production efficiency beneath the wide ditch irrigation cultivation mode ar all having the advantage, average yield increasing by 175 ~ 817.44 kg/hm2, water production efficiency increasing by zero.14 ~ 0.32 kg/m3. The results of the study for summer corn provides technical reference for water saving and production increasing,which is appropriate for promotion in semi-arid areas.
With the development of our social economy, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is progressively distinguished, agricultural water waste is serious. It has become a main factor for limiting the property development of agriculture and economy. For saving agricultural water resources, improving water potency, many students at home and abroad had studied these issues. Through the contrast check analysis, studied the influence of the different irrigation ways on soil water dynamics and also the growth, and the development of winter wheat , which found the furrow irrigation and border irrigation of winter wheat surface dry matter accumulation during the early stage of the trend was slow, the medium fast, the late slow. Compared with border irrigation, furrow irrigation treatment of aboveground dry matter had additional accumulation throughout the whole growth period[1]. Compared the influence on evaporation of summer corn in alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation, drew the conclusions that the intensity of soil evaporation between plants on with the enhanced of leaf space index declined , along with the enhanced of topsoil wetness content increased[2]. Compared with the small ridge in no-till planting patterns, found that big ridge spacing no-till planting pattern might enhanced soil water storage ability of water, meanwhile promoted the individual development of corn, increased leaf space index and dry matter accumulation[3]; Compared with the ancient culture, the dry matter accumulation and yield of summer maize was more higher on the condition of cultivation of Ridge tillage, suitable for promotion in the western region[4] . Based on summer corn leaf space, filling rate , yield and crop water use efficiency and thus on because the analysis object, through the comparison with conventional cultivation mode, to explore the development potential of wide ditch irrigation planting patterns, to improve the bottom water technology, to provide technical reference , to improve water use efficiency and crop yield.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental zone profile
Test was conducted in North China institute of water conservancy and hydropower water saving agriculture in Henan province key laboratory of the ministry of the check space, from June 2012 to Gregorian calendar month 2012. Testing ground was flat, convenient irrigation and drainage, soil fertility uniform, soil for silt loam, 24% field capability (mass ratio) , the soil bulk density was 1.35 g•cm-3. Test space includes the automatic observation post, which automatic monitors the intensity of star radiation, air temperature and humidity, rainfall, wind speed and related meteorologic information.
Test Design
The test begin in the previous post harvest crop soil preparation stalk and ridging do ditch, designing 2 sorts of irrigation mode and 3 sorts of wetness management limit (6 process, each process together with 3 repeats. Two sorts of irrigation mode :conventional furrow irrigation (D) and wide ditch irrigation (L),the groove section made in the variety of tetragon ,the height of the ridge is 20 cm, and the width of the groove is twenty cm. The ditch and ridge surface specifications wide ditch irrigation respectively is forty cm and seventy cm, 2 lines of corn on the ridge. The average spacing is 55 cm, the row spacing of conventional planting ways in which sixty cm, planting distance all 30 cm. Moisture management limit of field capability is severally hr (W1), 70% (W2) and eightieth (W3). As each growth amount set up dampish soil wetness for the commonplace, when the field soil wetness content downs to wetness management thresholds for irrigation, irrigation for 45 millimeter.The summer maize varieties of test is that the Zhengdan 958 , this varieties of plant type is compact and its quality reach the extent one national commonplace. The irrigation plan of summer corn in the whole stages as shown in table one.
Project and measuring Mehtod
Soil moisture: Before sowing summer maize and whole reproductive amount, using drilling and sampling the soil drying superimposed methodology to confirm the soil wetness content. The determination of depth is 1 m, divided into 5 layers (each layer of twenty cm), and measurement cycle is five days. Wide ditch irrigation cultivation mode select ditch ,slope, ridge as observation indexes, while standard furrow planting method choose ridge and ditch as observation indexes. Crop growth situation: Random labeling 5 strains of plants in check for each process prior to. Every ten days to determine a base of stem diameter, plant height and leaf area growth. Filling process: In the summer corn filling stage, every three days every which way extracting the middle of the grain with a pair of spike at every district. Each ten grains is determined, taking the average because the measurement information. Measurement yield: At the finish of experiment, the test species ar every which way hand-picked in every experimental plot, single harvesting and single golf stroke, and separately conniving production. The indicators of measurement yield chiefly embody crop dry matter and spike length, bald tip length, head circumference, spike rows, single spike grain number and hundred grain weight and grain yield, etc.
The effects of wide ditch irrigation mode on leaf area dynamic modification of summer corn
Leaf blade is that the main organs with crop photosynthesis, directly affecting the accumulation of dry matter and therefore the formation of crop yield.And the growth and development of the leafage is sensitive to the provision of water. The growth of blade in summer maize growth period as shown in Figure one.
What can be found from fig.1 is that the trend of leaf space growth for six process is comparable. Each treatment of Leaf space all reduces when grows foremost. It grows rapidly from phanerogam stage to jointing stage, reaching the maximum within the sixty -70 d when sowing 60-70 d (namely, tasseling stage). The largest test treatment is LW3 among them, DW1 minimal. Compared with conventional furrow irrigation, from summer corn leaf area dynamic development throughout whole growth amount, the characteristics of wide ditch irrigation cultivation mode are shown as: The leaves grow speedily in the early stage of growth, then they can quickly cowl the bottom. While leaf senescence slows in the late stage of growth, leaf area continues to increase. Improving the utilization potency of sunshine energy is sweet for the formation of ear and adornment , and the grain filling, which can reach high yield and lay a decent foundation.
The analysis data square measure shown in Fig1: throughout the method of summer maize growth, the effects of soil moisture is a lot of noticeable.Under the same irrigation mode, the leaf area of summer corn and wet management limit is roughly into positive correlation. Namely, the leaf area of W1 is less than W2, the leaf area of W2 less than the W3, and the rate of leaf area of W1 is a smaller amount than W2, W3. In the same water treatment , the leaf area of wide ditch irrigation ways that is bigger than standard furrow irrigation. Compared with the conventional furrow irrigation, W2 and W3 respectively accrued by one.40% ~ 10.97% and 4.10% ~ 17.25%, which recommended that the soil water storage ability of wide ditch irrigation model was a lot of stronger . And it has a bonus within the growth and development of the leafage. Leaves begin to aging from filling stage to maturity stage, the aging speed of wide ditch irrigation is lower than conventional furrow irrigation . For example, the leaves contraction of LW2, DW2 respectively is two.19% ~ 5.82% and 5.82% ~ 2.67%, the reason that is that the half growth period of summer maize in vegetative organs growing sturdy, leaf branch developed. And it obtained more stable wet from ditch irrigation that} which slowed down the aging method of the corn at the late stage, showing better on keeping inexperienced.
The effects of wide ditch irrigation mode on filling process of summer corn
To give full thought concerning growth and development scenario of summer corn, the filling process were measured ,on the condition of wide ditch irrigation mode, which were shown in Figure.2~3.
It can be seen from Fig2~3: within the same manner of irrigation ,the filling speed of W1 is significantly below than W2, W3, which in the main due to the acceptable water stress . Because it will restrain the fast growth of summer maize, make seedlings additional robust , but excessive water stress will inhibit the traditional growth and development of summer corn, ultimately affecting production. At the same time, during the early stage of the filling (before August 30), the filling speed of W3 is higher than W2. But in the late filling , the filling speed of W2 is speeding up, eventually the difference of grain size between W2 and W3 is not clearly. The result shows that excessive moisture is not essentially promoting production increased . On the condition of same water processing, the filling and filling speed of wide ditch irrigation is slightly higher than the traditional furrow irrigation, and the grain is additionally greater than typical furrow irrigation. For example, compared with DW2, the grains of LW2 increased by12.41%. While compared with DW3, the grains of LW3 increased by12.23% . It suggests that wide ditch irrigation cultivation mode not only give stable wetness in the method of summer maize growth , but conjointly cut back the temperature distinction between day and night, weakening the breathe of crops, conducive to the accumulation of dry matter. From the process of filling below half dozen varieties of water treatment will be far-famed, LW2 can deliver the goods high yield, at the same time, achieve the purpose of saving water resource.
The effect of wide ditch irrigation mode on summer maize yield and its elements
Table 2 shows: In each irrigation mode, the output of summer corn as with the lower limit of water increasing showed a trend of declining after the primary growth. The yield and yield components regarding LW2 treatment is the best, but there is no obvious benefits examination with LW3 treatment. The DW1 treatment obviously in the worst condition, even if compared with constant water treatment LW1, gap is very obvious. The result shows that 60% water treatment suppresses the traditional development of summer maize, eventually lead to the decreasing of production. Although the leaf space in eightieth soil wetness treatment is larger than seventieth soil wetness treatment, as a result of soil moisture content is steep, excessive of maize growth, which has weakened the grain dry matter accumulation. Compared with treatment W3, the hundred grain weight increases in W2 treatment, bald tip length decreasing by 48.57% ~ 48.57%. Final, the output of W2 treatment is higher than the W3 treatment. For example, compared with LW1 treatment and LW3 treatment ,the output of summer corn in LW2 treatment respectively increased by twenty first , 3.42%. At the same time, compared with the conventional furrow irrigation, the wide ditch irrigation mode had strong ability of water storage water, conducive to the growth of summer maize. The difference of spike length and bald tip length is not obvious among them , and the spike perimeter increases by zero.14 ~ 0.17 cm, spike line number increasing by zero.1 ~ 0.66, hundred grain weight increasing by 0.61% ~ 5.09%, the per hectare yield increasing by one hundred seventy five ~ 817.44 kg, the rate of yield increasing by 2.74% ~ 2.74%. It be said that the wide ditch irrigation cultivation mode will considerably promote the event of grain and grain maturity.
The effects of wide ditch irrigation mode on summer corn water production efficiency
The water production efficiency (WUE) that refers to the production of grain yield by per one M3 of water consumption , WUE = Y/ET[5]. In order to judge the cultivation mode of wide ditch irrigation about water saving effects and economic advantages, this paper studied the water production efficiency of summer maiz.
From table 3,we recognize that water consumption of summer maize perpetually increasing like the increasing of irrigation water in spite of that styles of irrigation mode throughout the total stages.Water production efficiency have been enlarged once belittled trend. The highest water production efficiency is LW2 treatment, the lowest is DW3 treatment . At the same irrigation mode, the highest average water production efficiency is W2 treatment, while the average water production potency of W1 and W2 ar similar. Compared with W2 treatment,the yield of W3 decreased by eleven.14% ~ 20.85%, but water consumption enlarged by thirty four.49 ~ 59.33 mm. The average water production efficiency enlarged by eighteen.58% than that of the W3 treatment. Under the condition of 3 types of water treatment, the irrigation quantity of wide ditch irrigation planting ways that is less than or adequate to the standard furrow irrigation. The output of per hectare is one hundred seventy five ~ 817.44 kilo higher than standard furrow irrigation, water production efficiency increasing by half dozen.91% ~ 18.17%. Therefore, for the same irrigation mode, the moisture management limit of hour field capability not solely ensures production however conjointly reduces the irrigation water. And wide ditch irrigation cultivation pattern improves water production efficiency. Wide ditch irrigation cultivation pattern reduces the contact area between soil surface and air, also reduces the contact space between soil surface and sunshine. It reduces the evaporation of summer corn , meanwhile improves the crop growth atmosphere. It guarantees the summer maize growth and development of the different organs well , laying a smart foundation for achieving high yield .
In this paper, by studying the effects of the various irrigation ways that and wet on the expansion and yield of summer maize , drawing the following conclusions:
In wide ditch irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation ,the leaf ara growth trend each are initial increasing once decreasing. Under the same irrigation patterns, the leaf area of summer corn roughly into positive correlation with soil water content, leaf area of W3 treatment is the biggest. On the condition of the same water treatment, leaf area regarding 2 types of irrigation mode features a zoom throughout seed plant stage to jointing stage, leaf senescence between milking stage and mature stage. And wide ditch irrigation cultivation pattern of leaf senescence speed is less than conventional furrow irrigation, the high value of leaf space continued longer.
In the same irrigation pattern, the filling speed of W1 treatment significantly is lower than W2, W3. At the early stage of the filling (before August 30) , the filling speed of W3 treatment is higher than W2, but in the late filling , the filling speed of W2 treatment increases, eventually the grain size between W2 treatment and W3treatment are similar. In the same water treatment, wide ditch filling , filling speed and the grain size are slightly more than the standard furrow irrigation. From the process of filling below half dozen styles of water treatment will be far-famed , LW2 treatment can deliver the goods the goal of high yield and water saving.
In both irrigation mode, the output of summer corn as with the lower limit of water increasing shows a trend of declining after the primary growth. The hundred grain weight, bald tip length, and the final output of W2 treatment is healthier than which of W1, W3. Compared with the conventional furrow irrigation ,wide ditch irrigation treatment has many benefits, including hundred grain weight increasing by zero.61% ~ 0.61% and yield increasing one hundred seventy five ~ 817.44 kilo per square measure. The result suggests that wide ditch irrigation cultivation pattern can considerably promote the development of grain and grain maturity.
Water consumption of summer maize constantly will increase as with the increasing of irrigation amount throughout the total stages. Water production efficiency have been enlarged once belittled trend. In the same irrigation mode, the water production efficiency of W2 treatment is higher than that of W1 , W3. On the condition of the same moisture management limit, the irrigation quantity of wide ditch irrigation is little. Compared with the conventional furrow irrigation, the water production efficiency will increase by half dozen.91% ~ 18.17%. It reveals that the LW2 treatment can guarantee the high yield and water-saving. And LW2 treatment is worth extending irrigation pattern.
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51279157) and Henan Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology analysis Key Project (12A210018); Henan Provincial faculty Youth Backbone Teacher Support Program Project; North China Water Conservancy and electricity Power University High Level abilities research project Project.
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